cAMP

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the canonical intracellular second messenger generated by adenylyl cyclase downstream of β-adrenergic and hormonal receptor activation, transducing catecholamine and glucagon signals into glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and contractile responses. Salivary cAMP reflects the systemic adrenergic and hormonal signalling tone associated with exercise stress and arousal. Wenzel et al. (2026) and Lindsey et al. measured salivary cAMP among markers tracking physiological strain and acute fatigue.